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Blood Diamond
History
Angola
Main article: Civil war in Angola, diamonds in Angola in 2007 and 2000
In 1998, the United Nations (UN), under sanctions forbidding countries Angola buying diamonds from them. It was the first UN resolution that specifically mentioned diamonds in war funding. Reports estimated that up to 20% of total production in the 1980s sold for illegal purposes, and 19% were specifically conflicts in nature. In 1999, the illicit diamond trade was estimated by the World Diamond Council to have been reduced to 3.06% of world diamond production. The World Diamond Council has indicated that by 2004 this percentage had dropped to about 1%.
Angola, a former Portuguese colony, gained independence November 11, 1975.
Although independent, the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) fought in the civil war from 1974-2001. UNITA sold diamonds abroad in violation of the 1994 Bicesse finance their war with the government. The United Nations has recognized the role of diamonds in funding UNITA rebels, and in 1998, countries are prohibited from buying of diamonds from Angola.
Liberia
From 1989 to 2001 Liberia was engaged in a civil war. In 2000, the UN accused Liberian President Charles G. Taylor of supporting the RUF insurgency in Sierra Leone with weapons and training in exchange for diamonds. In 2001, the UN has imposed sanctions on Liberian diamond trade. In August 2003, Taylor resigned as president, and after being exiled in Nigeria, now faces trial in The Hague. On July 21, 2006, pleaded not guilty crimes against humanity and war crimes.
At the time of the attacks in the United States Embassy in 1998, Al Qaeda allegedly bought some jewelry Liberia of different financial assets have been frozen.
Liberia is now at peace and trying to build an industry of legitimate diamond mining. The United Nations has lifted sanctions and Liberia is now a member of the Kimberley Process.
Côte d'Ivoire
Côte d'Ivoire has started to develop a budding industry of diamond mines in the 1990s. A coup overthrew the government in 1999, starting a civil war. The country became on a route for the export of diamonds from Liberia and the war-torn Sierra Leone. Foreign investment began to withdraw from the Ivory Coast. To reduce the trade illegal, the nation's diamond mining ceased, and the Security Council banned all exports of diamonds from Côte d'Ivoire in December 2005. However, despite United Nations sanctions illegal diamond trade still exists in Côte d'Ivoire. Rough diamonds are exported abroad neighboring states and international trade centers throughout the Northern Division of the New Forces controlled the country, a group that is related to the use of these funds to rearm.
The Democratic Republic of Congo
The Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) has experienced many civil wars in the 1990s, but became a member of the Kimberley Process and now exports about 8% of the world's diamonds. One of the most famous diamonds and De Beers perfect priceless 200-carat D-color (40 g) of the Millennium Star was discovered in the Democratic Republic of Congo and sold to De Beers during the height of the civil war that took place in the first half of the nineties.
The Republic of Congo
The Republic of Congo (Congo – Brazzaville) face sanctions UN in 2004, because despite the absence of official diamond mining industry, the country exported large quantities of diamonds whose origin could not detail.
Zimbabwe
Although diamonds in Zimbabwe are not yet considered conflict diamonds in the Kimberley process, the current chaos and production Marange smuggling are overseen by the World Diamond Council.
Kimberley Process Certification
Article Rules: Scheme Process Kimberley certification
Although the United Nations first identified the issue of diamonds in 1998 war as a backdrop for the war, was the diamond industry has taken steps to address the issue of conflict diamonds by convening a meeting to plan a process that could give rise certified diamond. In May 2000, diamond producing countries of southern Africa met in Kimberley, South Africa, to plan a method by which it could the diamond trade be stopped, and buyers of diamonds could be assured that their diamonds are not given to violence.
On July 19, 2000, Congress Antwerp World Diamond has adopted a resolution to strengthen the capacity of the diamond industry to block the sale of conflict diamonds. The resolution calls for a system International certification for export and import of diamonds, legislation in all countries to accept that officially sealed packages of diamonds, for countries to impose charges on criminal traffic if conflict diamonds, and has instituted a ban of any individual found in conflict diamonds commercial diamond bourses of the World Federation of Diamond Bourses.
The 17 to 18 January 2001, the diamond industry figures convened and formed the new organization, World Diamond Council. This new agency is developing a new process, in which all rough diamonds can be certified as coming from a non-conflict source.
The Kimberley Process was endorsed by the UN on March 13, 2002, and in November, after two years of negotiations between governments, producers of diamonds, and NGO, the Kimberley Process (KPCS) was created.
Kimberley Process Monitoring
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The biggest weakness of the Kimberley Process is how it is controlled. Any country can become a member of the process Kimberley by sending a letter to the president of the organization, at present, the European Commission. Regardless of whether the country complies with the rules of Kimberley Process, you can still become a member. [Citation needed] This means that conflict diamonds are still getting past the Kimberley certification system, as some countries do not meet the requirements of the Kimberley Process. However, from 2007, estimates that its share in total trade of rough diamonds has been reduced to only 10.2 million. From now on the Kimberley Process is composed of 49 members representing 75 countries.
Transparency
Kimberley System increased government transparency by requiring them to keep a record of the diamonds are exported and imported and how much they are worth.
This shows that what governments of their finances that can be held accountable for how they spend the benefit of the country's population.
The origins of the Kimberley Process have been represented in Ed Zwick 2006 pictureBlood Diamond movement. The film helped to publicize the controversy over conflict diamonds and has led to worldwide awareness of the horror in West Africa involved in the diamond trade.
U.S. policy
On January 18, 2001, President Bill Clinton issued Decree 13 194, which prohibits the importation of rough diamonds from Sierra Leone to the United States in accordance with UN resolutions. May 22 2001, President George W. Bush issued Decree 13 213, which prohibits the import of rough diamonds from Liberia to the United States.
Liberia has been recognized by the United Nations to act as a channel of Sierra Leone diamonds.
United States enacted the Clean Diamond Trade (CDTA) on April 25, 2003, and executed on July 29, 2003 by Decree 13 312. The CDTA installed the legislation to implement the KPCS in law in the United States. The application of this legislation has been the key to success of the certification system, as the United States is the largest consumer of diamonds.
The CDTA states: "As Most consumers of world diamond production, the United States has an obligation to help break the link between diamonds and conflict and press by the application implementing an effective solution.
Canadian politics
During the 1990s it was discovered rich deposits of diamonds in the North. Canada is one of the major players in the diamond industry. Partnership Africa-Canada was established in 1986 to help the African crisis. This organization also part of the Diamond Development Initiative. The Diamond Development Initiative helps improve and regulate the diamond industry Legal.
The Process Kimberley was released in May 2000 by South Africa. Canada has been a strong supporter of adopting this. Canada has adopted several laws that help stop the trade in diamonds of conflict. The laws governing exports and imports of rough diamonds, and also how to transfer. In December 2002, the export and import of rough diamonds has been adopted by the Canadian government. This law acts as a system that helps control the import, export and transit of diamonds Gross across Canada. Exporting and importing rough diamonds also indicates that the Kimberley Process is the minimum requirement for certification of diamonds rough and a certificate is also required for all shipments of diamonds. This certificate is called a certificate of Canada, gives permission for an officer to seize any diamond shipment do not conform to the requirements of the export and import of rough diamonds.
The Government of the Northwest Territories, Western Canada (GNWT) also has a certification program only. They offer a certificate of government in all diamonds are mined, cut and polished in the Northwest Territories Canada. Each diamond also include laser and recorded in a database. To obtain this certificate should be cut and polish diamonds in the Northwest Territories.
Conflict diamonds without
A conflict-free diamond is a diamond whose profits are not used to fund wars and which produces and operates in ethical conditions. Only diamonds are certified and can be traced to the mine to the consumer are conflict diamonds. A diamond is growing without conflict, because it is grown in a laboratory.
See also
Diamonds as an investment
Pat Robertson
References
Notes
Conflict diamonds ^ United Nations Department of Public Information March 21, 2001, accessed online December 26, 2006
^ Ab Council Resolution Security in 1173. United Nations. 1998.
^ Ab controls Kimberley: How Effective? Partnership Africa Canada Accessed January 7, 2007
Production ^ Diamond estimates – 1999 World Diamond Council website, accessed November 5, 2006
^ Ab diamonds World Diamond Council website – DiamondFacts.org, accessed on November 5, 2006
^ Abcdefg Diamonds World Diamond Council website – DiamondFacts.org, accessed November 5, 2006
^ Lucy Jones, diamonds Al-Qaeda "blood negotiated", February 20, 2003, BBC News Online, October 30, 2007 the document.
^ Http: / / www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/africa/04/27/blood.diamond.ap/index.html
^ The heart of the Sierra Leone area, diamonds and human security in Africa Canada (PAC), accessed November 5, 2006
^ Http: / / www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/861/en/campaigners_call_for_urgent_action_on_zimbabwe_blo
^ Http: / / daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/550/99/PDF/N0955099.pdf? OpenElement
The diamond industry ^ "Suppression of the contras Calls Zimbabwe smuggling. "Rapaport. October 12, 2008. Http: / / www.diamonds.net/news/NewsItem.aspx?ArticleID=24471. Retrieved 12/12/2008.
Background Process page ^ Kimberley website, accessed December 8, 2006
^ Resolution 1295 (2000) Security Council United Nations PDF, April 18, 2000. In this resolution, the Security Council wrote: welcomes the proposal that a meeting of experts will meet to design a system of controls to facilitate the implementation of the measures contained in resolution 1173 (1998), including provisions that enhance transparency and accountability in the control of diamonds from their point of origin scholarships, said it is important that the development of these controls, makes every effort to undermine the legitimate diamond trade, and welcomes the intention of the Republic of South Africa hosting a conference this year
Fact # 6 ^ World Diamond Council website – DiamondFacts.org, accessed 08 December 2006
^ Ab diamonds leading the pact to ban 'conflict gems funding African wars CNN.com July 19, 2000, accessed online December 9, 2006
^ Eli Izhakoff, Chairman Report of the World Diamond Council first annual meeting of the website of the World Diamond Council, accessed 06 November 2006
^ Resolution 56/263 United Nations – The role of diamonds in conflict: breaking the link between the illicit transaction of rough diamonds and armed conflict in order to contribute to the prevention and United Nations Resolution conflictsPDF 96th plenary meeting, on March 13, 2002, accessed online 06 November 2006
^ ~ Http: / / www.examiner.com/examiner/x-3877-DC-Film-Industry-Examiner y2009m4d18 "Slumdog Millionaire Team-Suit-A-Long-History-of-film-in-gift-Back
^ Clinton, William FR DOC. 012 140 – Executive Order 13 194 of January 18, 2001 – which prohibits the importation of rough diamonds from Sierra LeonePDF The White House January 18, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006
^ Bush, George W. FR Doc. 0113381 – Executive Decree 13213dditional With regard to measures prohibiting the import of rough diamonds from Sierra LeonePDF The White House, May 22, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006
Ab ^ Public Law 10 819 – Act to implement effective measures to stop trade in diamonds, and other purposes. April 25 2003PDF (42.1 KB) 108th United States Congress, April 25, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006
^ Bush, George W. FR Doc 0319676 – Executive Order 13 312 of July 29, 2003 – Implementing the Clean Diamond Trade ActPDF (26.3 KB) The White House July 29, 2003 available online December 24, 2006
^ Conflict Diamonds: Agency Actions needed to strengthen the implementation of the Commercial Rehabilitation Act of diamonds, in September 2006, the U.S. Government Accountability Office website, accessed online December 8, 2006
^ Stop Diamonds – Creation a Conflict Free Diamond World
Literature
Bell, Udy (2000). "Sierra Leone: On the basis of a hard-earned peace." Online Edition UN Chronicle (4). http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2005/issue4/0405p42.html. Retrieved on 31/05/2007.
Bergner, Daniel (2003). Land of Magic Soldiers: A Story of White and Black in West Africa. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-26653-0.
Campbell, Greg (2002). Blood diamonds: tracing the path of most deadly in the world of gemstones. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3939-1.
Cilliers, Jakkie, Christian Dietrich (2000). Economy of war in Angola. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies. ISBN 978-0620266451. http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/BOOKS/ANGOLA.HTML.
Epstein, Edward Jay (1982). The rise and Fall of Diamonds: the outbreak of a brilliant illusion. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-41289-2.
Billon, Philippe Le (2005). Fuel for the war: natural resources and armed conflict. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-37970-9.
Levy, Arthur V. (2003). Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions. New York: Hauppauge. ISBN 1-59033-715-8.
Le Billon, Philippe (2006). "Fatal Transactions: conflict diamonds and the (anti) Consumer terrorists." Antipode 38 (4): 778 801. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2006.00476.x.
Reno, William (1995). Corruption and state politics in Sierra Leone. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47179-6.
Roberts, Janine. Glitter and Greed: The Secret World of the diamond cartel. ISBN 978-1932867603.
Tamm, Ingrid J. (2002). Diamonds Peace and War: The separation of the connection of conflict diamonds. Cambridge, Mass.: World Peace Foundation. ISBN 0-9721033-5-X. PDF (673 KB)
Zoellner, Tom (2006). The Heartless Stone: A Journey into the world of diamonds, deceit, and desire. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-33969-0. 0
External Links
African Diamond Board
United Nations – diamonds
The story that broke this article
Diamonds in Conflict – Global Policy Forum
Topics PAWSS conflict – Conflict Diamonds
DiamondFacts.org – WDC
Stop Blood Diamonds – Awareness Initiative blood diamonds
Kubus BangBang diamonds and musicvideo blooddiamonds of conscience.
Stop Blood Diamonds – The success of the Kimberley Process
The news about conflict diamonds in the official language of the industry Israel Diamond Portal
The diamond trade's impact on African countries
Israel Diamond Institute
World Centers of Compassion for Children International
Dreams of Africa Humanitarian Programme
Categories: African Diamond | Politics | Politics of Angola | Policy categories Liberia | Sierra Leone blood | diamondsHidden: Articles lacking sources from November 2008 | games | heels of September 2009 | All conflicts that require references | games | Heels February 2009
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